Replace Octree by DynamicBVH in cull code

-Much greater pairing/unpairing performance
-For now, using it for culling too, but this will change in a couple of days.
-Added a paged allocator, to efficiently alloc/free some types of objects.

4 files changed, 132 insertions, 114 deletions

diff --git a/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_forward.cpp b/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_forward.cpp
index 01dd2965c4..c6b2fa6dc0 100644
--- a/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_forward.cpp
+++ b/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_forward.cpp
@@ -1532,7 +1532,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_add_geometry_with_material(InstanceBase *p_ins
 	}
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderForward::_fill_render_list(InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, PassMode p_pass_mode, bool p_using_sdfgi) {
+void RendererSceneRenderForward::_fill_render_list(const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, PassMode p_pass_mode, bool p_using_sdfgi) {
 	scene_state.current_shader_index = 0;
 	scene_state.current_material_index = 0;
 	scene_state.used_sss = false;
@@ -1544,8 +1544,8 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_fill_render_list(InstanceBase **p_cull_result,
 
 	//fill list
 
-	for (int i = 0; i < p_cull_count; i++) {
-		InstanceBase *inst = p_cull_result[i];
+	for (int i = 0; i < (int)p_instances.size(); i++) {
+		InstanceBase *inst = p_instances[i];
 
 		//add geometry for drawing
 		switch (inst->base_type) {
@@ -1635,14 +1635,14 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_fill_render_list(InstanceBase **p_cull_result,
 	}
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderForward::_setup_lightmaps(InstanceBase **p_lightmap_cull_result, int p_lightmap_cull_count, const Transform &p_cam_transform) {
+void RendererSceneRenderForward::_setup_lightmaps(const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_lightmaps, const Transform &p_cam_transform) {
 	uint32_t lightmaps_used = 0;
-	for (int i = 0; i < p_lightmap_cull_count; i++) {
+	for (int i = 0; i < (int)p_lightmaps.size(); i++) {
 		if (i >= (int)scene_state.max_lightmaps) {
 			break;
 		}
 
-		InstanceBase *lm = p_lightmap_cull_result[i];
+		InstanceBase *lm = p_lightmaps[i];
 		Basis to_lm = lm->transform.basis.inverse() * p_cam_transform.basis;
 		to_lm = to_lm.inverse().transposed(); //will transform normals
 		RendererStorageRD::store_transform_3x3(to_lm, scene_state.lightmaps[i].normal_xform);
@@ -1654,7 +1654,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_setup_lightmaps(InstanceBase **p_lightmap_cull
 	}
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_scene(RID p_render_buffer, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, int p_directional_light_count, RID *p_gi_probe_cull_result, int p_gi_probe_cull_count, InstanceBase **p_lightmap_cull_result, int p_lightmap_cull_count, RID p_environment, RID p_camera_effects, RID p_shadow_atlas, RID p_reflection_atlas, RID p_reflection_probe, int p_reflection_probe_pass, const Color &p_default_bg_color, float p_screen_lod_threshold) {
+void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_scene(RID p_render_buffer, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, int p_directional_light_count, const PagedArray<RID> &p_gi_probes, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_lightmaps, RID p_environment, RID p_camera_effects, RID p_shadow_atlas, RID p_reflection_atlas, RID p_reflection_probe, int p_reflection_probe_pass, const Color &p_default_bg_color, float p_screen_lod_threshold) {
 	RenderBufferDataForward *render_buffer = nullptr;
 	if (p_render_buffer.is_valid()) {
 		render_buffer = (RenderBufferDataForward *)render_buffers_get_data(p_render_buffer);
@@ -1709,7 +1709,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_scene(RID p_render_buffer, const Transf
 
 		opaque_framebuffer = render_buffer->color_fb;
 
-		if (!low_end && p_gi_probe_cull_count > 0) {
+		if (!low_end && p_gi_probes.size() > 0) {
 			using_giprobe = true;
 			render_buffer->ensure_gi();
 		}
@@ -1776,13 +1776,13 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_scene(RID p_render_buffer, const Transf
 		ERR_FAIL(); //bug?
 	}
 
-	_setup_lightmaps(p_lightmap_cull_result, p_lightmap_cull_count, p_cam_transform);
+	_setup_lightmaps(p_lightmaps, p_cam_transform);
 	_setup_environment(p_environment, p_render_buffer, p_cam_projection, p_cam_transform, p_reflection_probe, p_reflection_probe.is_valid(), screen_pixel_size, p_shadow_atlas, !p_reflection_probe.is_valid(), p_default_bg_color, p_cam_projection.get_z_near(), p_cam_projection.get_z_far(), false);
 
 	_update_render_base_uniform_set(); //may have changed due to the above (light buffer enlarged, as an example)
 
 	render_list.clear();
-	_fill_render_list(p_cull_result, p_cull_count, PASS_MODE_COLOR, using_sdfgi);
+	_fill_render_list(p_instances, PASS_MODE_COLOR, using_sdfgi);
 
 	bool using_sss = !low_end && render_buffer && scene_state.used_sss && sub_surface_scattering_get_quality() != RS::SUB_SURFACE_SCATTERING_QUALITY_DISABLED;
 
@@ -1864,7 +1864,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_scene(RID p_render_buffer, const Transf
 		clear_color = p_default_bg_color;
 	}
 
-	RID rp_uniform_set = _setup_render_pass_uniform_set(p_render_buffer, radiance_texture, p_shadow_atlas, p_reflection_atlas, p_gi_probe_cull_result, p_gi_probe_cull_count);
+	RID rp_uniform_set = _setup_render_pass_uniform_set(p_render_buffer, radiance_texture, p_shadow_atlas, p_reflection_atlas, p_gi_probes);
 
 	render_list.sort_by_key(false);
 
@@ -1903,7 +1903,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_scene(RID p_render_buffer, const Transf
 	}
 
 	if (using_sdfgi || using_giprobe) {
-		_process_gi(p_render_buffer, render_buffer->normal_roughness_buffer, render_buffer->ambient_buffer, render_buffer->reflection_buffer, render_buffer->giprobe_buffer, p_environment, p_cam_projection, p_cam_transform, p_gi_probe_cull_result, p_gi_probe_cull_count);
+		_process_gi(p_render_buffer, render_buffer->normal_roughness_buffer, render_buffer->ambient_buffer, render_buffer->reflection_buffer, render_buffer->giprobe_buffer, p_environment, p_cam_projection, p_cam_transform, p_gi_probes);
 	}
 
 	_setup_environment(p_environment, p_render_buffer, p_cam_projection, p_cam_transform, p_reflection_probe, p_reflection_probe.is_valid(), screen_pixel_size, p_shadow_atlas, !p_reflection_probe.is_valid(), p_default_bg_color, p_cam_projection.get_z_near(), p_cam_projection.get_z_far(), p_render_buffer.is_valid());
@@ -1949,8 +1949,8 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_scene(RID p_render_buffer, const Transf
 		dc.set_depth_correction(true);
 		CameraMatrix cm = (dc * p_cam_projection) * CameraMatrix(p_cam_transform.affine_inverse());
 		RD::DrawListID draw_list = RD::get_singleton()->draw_list_begin(opaque_framebuffer, RD::INITIAL_ACTION_CONTINUE, will_continue_color ? RD::FINAL_ACTION_CONTINUE : RD::FINAL_ACTION_READ, RD::INITIAL_ACTION_CONTINUE, will_continue_depth ? RD::FINAL_ACTION_CONTINUE : RD::FINAL_ACTION_READ);
-		for (int i = 0; i < p_gi_probe_cull_count; i++) {
-			_debug_giprobe(p_gi_probe_cull_result[i], draw_list, opaque_framebuffer, cm, get_debug_draw_mode() == RS::VIEWPORT_DEBUG_DRAW_GI_PROBE_LIGHTING, get_debug_draw_mode() == RS::VIEWPORT_DEBUG_DRAW_GI_PROBE_EMISSION, 1.0);
+		for (int i = 0; i < (int)p_gi_probes.size(); i++) {
+			_debug_giprobe(p_gi_probes[i], draw_list, opaque_framebuffer, cm, get_debug_draw_mode() == RS::VIEWPORT_DEBUG_DRAW_GI_PROBE_LIGHTING, get_debug_draw_mode() == RS::VIEWPORT_DEBUG_DRAW_GI_PROBE_EMISSION, 1.0);
 		}
 		RD::get_singleton()->draw_list_end();
 	}
@@ -2027,7 +2027,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_scene(RID p_render_buffer, const Transf
 	}
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_shadow(RID p_framebuffer, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, const CameraMatrix &p_projection, const Transform &p_transform, float p_zfar, float p_bias, float p_normal_bias, bool p_use_dp, bool p_use_dp_flip, bool p_use_pancake, const Plane &p_camera_plane, float p_lod_distance_multiplier, float p_screen_lod_threshold) {
+void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_shadow(RID p_framebuffer, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, const CameraMatrix &p_projection, const Transform &p_transform, float p_zfar, float p_bias, float p_normal_bias, bool p_use_dp, bool p_use_dp_flip, bool p_use_pancake, const Plane &p_camera_plane, float p_lod_distance_multiplier, float p_screen_lod_threshold) {
 	RENDER_TIMESTAMP("Setup Rendering Shadow");
 
 	_update_render_base_uniform_set();
@@ -2046,9 +2046,9 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_shadow(RID p_framebuffer, InstanceBase
 
 	PassMode pass_mode = p_use_dp ? PASS_MODE_SHADOW_DP : PASS_MODE_SHADOW;
 
-	_fill_render_list(p_cull_result, p_cull_count, pass_mode);
+	_fill_render_list(p_instances, pass_mode);
 
-	RID rp_uniform_set = _setup_render_pass_uniform_set(RID(), RID(), RID(), RID(), nullptr, 0);
+	RID rp_uniform_set = _setup_render_pass_uniform_set(RID(), RID(), RID(), RID(), PagedArray<RID>());
 
 	RENDER_TIMESTAMP("Render Shadow");
 
@@ -2064,7 +2064,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_shadow(RID p_framebuffer, InstanceBase
 	}
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_particle_collider_heightfield(RID p_fb, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count) {
+void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_particle_collider_heightfield(RID p_fb, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances) {
 	RENDER_TIMESTAMP("Setup Render Collider Heightfield");
 
 	_update_render_base_uniform_set();
@@ -2079,9 +2079,9 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_particle_collider_heightfield(RID p_fb,
 
 	PassMode pass_mode = PASS_MODE_SHADOW;
 
-	_fill_render_list(p_cull_result, p_cull_count, pass_mode);
+	_fill_render_list(p_instances, pass_mode);
 
-	RID rp_uniform_set = _setup_render_pass_uniform_set(RID(), RID(), RID(), RID(), nullptr, 0);
+	RID rp_uniform_set = _setup_render_pass_uniform_set(RID(), RID(), RID(), RID(), PagedArray<RID>());
 
 	RENDER_TIMESTAMP("Render Collider Heightield");
 
@@ -2097,7 +2097,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_particle_collider_heightfield(RID p_fb,
 	}
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_material(const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region) {
+void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_material(const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region) {
 	RENDER_TIMESTAMP("Setup Rendering Material");
 
 	_update_render_base_uniform_set();
@@ -2112,9 +2112,9 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_material(const Transform &p_cam_transfo
 	render_list.clear();
 
 	PassMode pass_mode = PASS_MODE_DEPTH_MATERIAL;
-	_fill_render_list(p_cull_result, p_cull_count, pass_mode);
+	_fill_render_list(p_instances, pass_mode);
 
-	RID rp_uniform_set = _setup_render_pass_uniform_set(RID(), RID(), RID(), RID(), nullptr, 0);
+	RID rp_uniform_set = _setup_render_pass_uniform_set(RID(), RID(), RID(), RID(), PagedArray<RID>());
 
 	RENDER_TIMESTAMP("Render Material");
 
@@ -2136,7 +2136,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_material(const Transform &p_cam_transfo
 	}
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_uv2(InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region) {
+void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_uv2(const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region) {
 	RENDER_TIMESTAMP("Setup Rendering UV2");
 
 	_update_render_base_uniform_set();
@@ -2151,9 +2151,9 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_uv2(InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p
 	render_list.clear();
 
 	PassMode pass_mode = PASS_MODE_DEPTH_MATERIAL;
-	_fill_render_list(p_cull_result, p_cull_count, pass_mode);
+	_fill_render_list(p_instances, pass_mode);
 
-	RID rp_uniform_set = _setup_render_pass_uniform_set(RID(), RID(), RID(), RID(), nullptr, 0);
+	RID rp_uniform_set = _setup_render_pass_uniform_set(RID(), RID(), RID(), RID(), PagedArray<RID>());
 
 	RENDER_TIMESTAMP("Render Material");
 
@@ -2197,7 +2197,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_uv2(InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p
 	}
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_sdfgi(RID p_render_buffers, const Vector3i &p_from, const Vector3i &p_size, const AABB &p_bounds, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, const RID &p_albedo_texture, const RID &p_emission_texture, const RID &p_emission_aniso_texture, const RID &p_geom_facing_texture) {
+void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_sdfgi(RID p_render_buffers, const Vector3i &p_from, const Vector3i &p_size, const AABB &p_bounds, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, const RID &p_albedo_texture, const RID &p_emission_texture, const RID &p_emission_aniso_texture, const RID &p_geom_facing_texture) {
 	RENDER_TIMESTAMP("Render SDFGI");
 
 	_update_render_base_uniform_set();
@@ -2209,7 +2209,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_render_sdfgi(RID p_render_buffers, const Vecto
 	render_list.clear();
 
 	PassMode pass_mode = PASS_MODE_SDF;
-	_fill_render_list(p_cull_result, p_cull_count, pass_mode);
+	_fill_render_list(p_instances, pass_mode);
 	render_list.sort_by_key(false);
 	_fill_instances(render_list.elements, render_list.element_count, true);
 
@@ -2453,7 +2453,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderForward::_update_render_base_uniform_set() {
 	}
 }
 
-RID RendererSceneRenderForward::_setup_render_pass_uniform_set(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_radiance_texture, RID p_shadow_atlas, RID p_reflection_atlas, RID *p_gi_probe_cull_result, int p_gi_probe_cull_count) {
+RID RendererSceneRenderForward::_setup_render_pass_uniform_set(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_radiance_texture, RID p_shadow_atlas, RID p_reflection_atlas, const PagedArray<RID> &p_gi_probes) {
 	if (render_pass_uniform_set.is_valid() && RD::get_singleton()->uniform_set_is_valid(render_pass_uniform_set)) {
 		RD::get_singleton()->free(render_pass_uniform_set);
 	}
@@ -2516,8 +2516,8 @@ RID RendererSceneRenderForward::_setup_render_pass_uniform_set(RID p_render_buff
 		u.ids.resize(MAX_GI_PROBES);
 		RID default_tex = storage->texture_rd_get_default(RendererStorageRD::DEFAULT_RD_TEXTURE_3D_WHITE);
 		for (int i = 0; i < MAX_GI_PROBES; i++) {
-			if (i < p_gi_probe_cull_count) {
-				RID tex = gi_probe_instance_get_texture(p_gi_probe_cull_result[i]);
+			if (i < (int)p_gi_probes.size()) {
+				RID tex = gi_probe_instance_get_texture(p_gi_probes[i]);
 				if (!tex.is_valid()) {
 					tex = default_tex;
 				}
diff --git a/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_forward.h b/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_forward.h
index da4cb579c1..5d77c13b43 100644
--- a/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_forward.h
+++ b/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_forward.h
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ class RendererSceneRenderForward : public RendererSceneRenderRD {
 
 	void _update_render_base_uniform_set();
 	RID _setup_sdfgi_render_pass_uniform_set(RID p_albedo_texture, RID p_emission_texture, RID p_emission_aniso_texture, RID p_geom_facing_texture);
-	RID _setup_render_pass_uniform_set(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_radiance_texture, RID p_shadow_atlas, RID p_reflection_atlas, RID *p_gi_probe_cull_result, int p_gi_probe_cull_count);
+	RID _setup_render_pass_uniform_set(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_radiance_texture, RID p_shadow_atlas, RID p_reflection_atlas, const PagedArray<RID> &p_gi_probes);
 
 	struct LightmapData {
 		float normal_xform[12];
@@ -567,26 +567,26 @@ class RendererSceneRenderForward : public RendererSceneRenderRD {
 	};
 
 	void _setup_environment(RID p_environment, RID p_render_buffers, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, const Transform &p_cam_transform, RID p_reflection_probe, bool p_no_fog, const Size2 &p_screen_pixel_size, RID p_shadow_atlas, bool p_flip_y, const Color &p_default_bg_color, float p_znear, float p_zfar, bool p_opaque_render_buffers = false, bool p_pancake_shadows = false);
-	void _setup_lightmaps(InstanceBase **p_lightmap_cull_result, int p_lightmap_cull_count, const Transform &p_cam_transform);
+	void _setup_lightmaps(const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_lightmaps, const Transform &p_cam_transform);
 
 	void _fill_instances(RenderList::Element **p_elements, int p_element_count, bool p_for_depth, bool p_has_sdfgi = false, bool p_has_opaque_gi = false);
 	void _render_list(RenderingDevice::DrawListID p_draw_list, RenderingDevice::FramebufferFormatID p_framebuffer_Format, RenderList::Element **p_elements, int p_element_count, bool p_reverse_cull, PassMode p_pass_mode, bool p_no_gi, RID p_render_pass_uniform_set, bool p_force_wireframe = false, const Vector2 &p_uv_offset = Vector2(), const Plane &p_lod_plane = Plane(), float p_lod_distance_multiplier = 0.0, float p_screen_lod_threshold = 0.0);
 	_FORCE_INLINE_ void _add_geometry(InstanceBase *p_instance, uint32_t p_surface, RID p_material, PassMode p_pass_mode, uint32_t p_geometry_index, bool p_using_sdfgi = false);
 	_FORCE_INLINE_ void _add_geometry_with_material(InstanceBase *p_instance, uint32_t p_surface, MaterialData *p_material, RID p_material_rid, PassMode p_pass_mode, uint32_t p_geometry_index, bool p_using_sdfgi = false);
 
-	void _fill_render_list(InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, PassMode p_pass_mode, bool p_using_sdfgi = false);
+	void _fill_render_list(const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, PassMode p_pass_mode, bool p_using_sdfgi = false);
 
 	Map<Size2i, RID> sdfgi_framebuffer_size_cache;
 
 	bool low_end = false;
 
 protected:
-	virtual void _render_scene(RID p_render_buffer, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, int p_directional_light_count, RID *p_gi_probe_cull_result, int p_gi_probe_cull_count, InstanceBase **p_lightmap_cull_result, int p_lightmap_cull_count, RID p_environment, RID p_camera_effects, RID p_shadow_atlas, RID p_reflection_atlas, RID p_reflection_probe, int p_reflection_probe_pass, const Color &p_default_bg_color, float p_lod_threshold);
-	virtual void _render_shadow(RID p_framebuffer, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, const CameraMatrix &p_projection, const Transform &p_transform, float p_zfar, float p_bias, float p_normal_bias, bool p_use_dp, bool p_use_dp_flip, bool p_use_pancake, const Plane &p_camera_plane = Plane(), float p_lod_distance_multiplier = 0.0, float p_screen_lod_threshold = 0.0);
-	virtual void _render_material(const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region);
-	virtual void _render_uv2(InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region);
-	virtual void _render_sdfgi(RID p_render_buffers, const Vector3i &p_from, const Vector3i &p_size, const AABB &p_bounds, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, const RID &p_albedo_texture, const RID &p_emission_texture, const RID &p_emission_aniso_texture, const RID &p_geom_facing_texture);
-	virtual void _render_particle_collider_heightfield(RID p_fb, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count);
+	virtual void _render_scene(RID p_render_buffer, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, int p_directional_light_count, const PagedArray<RID> &p_gi_probes, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_lightmaps, RID p_environment, RID p_camera_effects, RID p_shadow_atlas, RID p_reflection_atlas, RID p_reflection_probe, int p_reflection_probe_pass, const Color &p_default_bg_color, float p_lod_threshold);
+	virtual void _render_shadow(RID p_framebuffer, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, const CameraMatrix &p_projection, const Transform &p_transform, float p_zfar, float p_bias, float p_normal_bias, bool p_use_dp, bool p_use_dp_flip, bool p_use_pancake, const Plane &p_camera_plane = Plane(), float p_lod_distance_multiplier = 0.0, float p_screen_lod_threshold = 0.0);
+	virtual void _render_material(const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region);
+	virtual void _render_uv2(const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region);
+	virtual void _render_sdfgi(RID p_render_buffers, const Vector3i &p_from, const Vector3i &p_size, const AABB &p_bounds, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, const RID &p_albedo_texture, const RID &p_emission_texture, const RID &p_emission_aniso_texture, const RID &p_geom_facing_texture);
+	virtual void _render_particle_collider_heightfield(RID p_fb, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances);
 
 public:
 	virtual void set_time(double p_time, double p_step);
diff --git a/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_rd.cpp b/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_rd.cpp
index 1d9983a28c..02ec399f58 100644
--- a/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_rd.cpp
+++ b/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_rd.cpp
@@ -1153,7 +1153,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::_sdfgi_update_cascades(RID p_render_buffers) {
 	RD::get_singleton()->buffer_update(rb->sdfgi->cascades_ubo, 0, sizeof(SDFGI::Cascade::UBO) * SDFGI::MAX_CASCADES, cascade_data, true);
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderRD::sdfgi_update_probes(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_environment, const RID *p_directional_light_instances, uint32_t p_directional_light_count, const RID *p_positional_light_instances, uint32_t p_positional_light_count) {
+void RendererSceneRenderRD::sdfgi_update_probes(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_environment, const PagedArray<RID> &p_directional_light_instances, const RID *p_positional_light_instances, uint32_t p_positional_light_count) {
 	RenderBuffers *rb = render_buffers_owner.getornull(p_render_buffers);
 	ERR_FAIL_COND(rb == nullptr);
 	if (rb->sdfgi == nullptr) {
@@ -1179,7 +1179,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::sdfgi_update_probes(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_envi
 
 			SDGIShader::Light lights[SDFGI::MAX_DYNAMIC_LIGHTS];
 			uint32_t idx = 0;
-			for (uint32_t j = 0; j < p_directional_light_count; j++) {
+			for (uint32_t j = 0; j < (uint32_t)p_directional_light_instances.size(); j++) {
 				if (idx == SDFGI::MAX_DYNAMIC_LIGHTS) {
 					break;
 				}
@@ -1402,7 +1402,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::sdfgi_update_probes(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_envi
 	RENDER_TIMESTAMP("<SDFGI Update Probes");
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderRD::_setup_giprobes(RID p_render_buffers, const Transform &p_transform, RID *p_gi_probe_cull_result, int p_gi_probe_cull_count, uint32_t &r_gi_probes_used) {
+void RendererSceneRenderRD::_setup_giprobes(RID p_render_buffers, const Transform &p_transform, const PagedArray<RID> &p_gi_probes, uint32_t &r_gi_probes_used) {
 	r_gi_probes_used = 0;
 	RenderBuffers *rb = render_buffers_owner.getornull(p_render_buffers);
 	ERR_FAIL_COND(rb == nullptr);
@@ -1417,8 +1417,8 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::_setup_giprobes(RID p_render_buffers, const Transfor
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < RenderBuffers::MAX_GIPROBES; i++) {
 		RID texture;
-		if (i < p_gi_probe_cull_count) {
-			GIProbeInstance *gipi = gi_probe_instance_owner.getornull(p_gi_probe_cull_result[i]);
+		if (i < (int)p_gi_probes.size()) {
+			GIProbeInstance *gipi = gi_probe_instance_owner.getornull(p_gi_probes[i]);
 
 			if (gipi) {
 				texture = gipi->texture;
@@ -1489,12 +1489,12 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::_setup_giprobes(RID p_render_buffers, const Transfor
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (p_gi_probe_cull_count > 0) {
-		RD::get_singleton()->buffer_update(gi_probe_buffer, 0, sizeof(GI::GIProbeData) * MIN(RenderBuffers::MAX_GIPROBES, p_gi_probe_cull_count), gi_probe_data, true);
+	if (p_gi_probes.size() > 0) {
+		RD::get_singleton()->buffer_update(gi_probe_buffer, 0, sizeof(GI::GIProbeData) * MIN((uint64_t)RenderBuffers::MAX_GIPROBES, p_gi_probes.size()), gi_probe_data, true);
 	}
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderRD::_process_gi(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_normal_roughness_buffer, RID p_ambient_buffer, RID p_reflection_buffer, RID p_gi_probe_buffer, RID p_environment, const CameraMatrix &p_projection, const Transform &p_transform, RID *p_gi_probe_cull_result, int p_gi_probe_cull_count) {
+void RendererSceneRenderRD::_process_gi(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_normal_roughness_buffer, RID p_ambient_buffer, RID p_reflection_buffer, RID p_gi_probe_buffer, RID p_environment, const CameraMatrix &p_projection, const Transform &p_transform, const PagedArray<RID> &p_gi_probes) {
 	RENDER_TIMESTAMP("Render GI");
 
 	RenderBuffers *rb = render_buffers_owner.getornull(p_render_buffers);
@@ -1512,7 +1512,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::_process_gi(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_normal_rough
 	push_constant.proj_info[1] = -2.0f / (rb->height * p_projection.matrix[1][1]);
 	push_constant.proj_info[2] = (1.0f - p_projection.matrix[0][2]) / p_projection.matrix[0][0];
 	push_constant.proj_info[3] = (1.0f + p_projection.matrix[1][2]) / p_projection.matrix[1][1];
-	push_constant.max_giprobes = MIN(RenderBuffers::MAX_GIPROBES, p_gi_probe_cull_count);
+	push_constant.max_giprobes = MIN((uint64_t)RenderBuffers::MAX_GIPROBES, p_gi_probes.size());
 	push_constant.high_quality_vct = gi_probe_quality == RS::GI_PROBE_QUALITY_HIGH;
 	push_constant.use_sdfgi = rb->sdfgi != nullptr;
 
@@ -4061,7 +4061,7 @@ bool RendererSceneRenderRD::gi_probe_needs_update(RID p_probe) const {
 	return gi_probe->last_probe_version != storage->gi_probe_get_version(gi_probe->probe);
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderRD::gi_probe_update(RID p_probe, bool p_update_light_instances, const Vector<RID> &p_light_instances, int p_dynamic_object_count, InstanceBase **p_dynamic_objects) {
+void RendererSceneRenderRD::gi_probe_update(RID p_probe, bool p_update_light_instances, const Vector<RID> &p_light_instances, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_dynamic_objects) {
 	GIProbeInstance *gi_probe = gi_probe_instance_owner.getornull(p_probe);
 	ERR_FAIL_COND(!gi_probe);
 
@@ -4420,7 +4420,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::gi_probe_update(RID p_probe, bool p_update_light_ins
 
 	uint32_t light_count = 0;
 
-	if (p_update_light_instances || p_dynamic_object_count > 0) {
+	if (p_update_light_instances || p_dynamic_objects.size() > 0) {
 		light_count = MIN(gi_probe_max_lights, (uint32_t)p_light_instances.size());
 
 		{
@@ -4470,7 +4470,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::gi_probe_update(RID p_probe, bool p_update_light_ins
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (gi_probe->has_dynamic_object_data || p_update_light_instances || p_dynamic_object_count) {
+	if (gi_probe->has_dynamic_object_data || p_update_light_instances || p_dynamic_objects.size()) {
 		// PROCESS MIPMAPS
 		if (gi_probe->mipmaps.size()) {
 			//can update mipmaps
@@ -4563,7 +4563,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::gi_probe_update(RID p_probe, bool p_update_light_ins
 
 	gi_probe->has_dynamic_object_data = false; //clear until dynamic object data is used again
 
-	if (p_dynamic_object_count && gi_probe->dynamic_maps.size()) {
+	if (p_dynamic_objects.size() && gi_probe->dynamic_maps.size()) {
 		Vector3i octree_size = storage->gi_probe_get_octree_size(gi_probe->probe);
 		int multiplier = gi_probe->dynamic_maps[0].size / MAX(MAX(octree_size.x, octree_size.y), octree_size.z);
 
@@ -4577,7 +4577,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::gi_probe_update(RID p_probe, bool p_update_light_ins
 		AABB probe_aabb(Vector3(), octree_size);
 
 		//this could probably be better parallelized in compute..
-		for (int i = 0; i < p_dynamic_object_count; i++) {
+		for (int i = 0; i < (int)p_dynamic_objects.size(); i++) {
 			InstanceBase *instance = p_dynamic_objects[i];
 			//not used, so clear
 			instance->depth_layer = 0;
@@ -4648,7 +4648,12 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::gi_probe_update(RID p_probe, bool p_update_light_ins
 				CameraMatrix cm;
 				cm.set_orthogonal(-rect.size.width / 2, rect.size.width / 2, -rect.size.height / 2, rect.size.height / 2, 0.0001, aabb.size[z_axis]);
 
-				_render_material(to_world_xform * xform, cm, true, &instance, 1, gi_probe->dynamic_maps[0].fb, Rect2i(Vector2i(), rect.size));
+				if (cull_argument.size() == 0) {
+					cull_argument.push_back(nullptr);
+				}
+				cull_argument[0] = instance;
+
+				_render_material(to_world_xform * xform, cm, true, cull_argument, gi_probe->dynamic_maps[0].fb, Rect2i(Vector2i(), rect.size));
 
 				GIProbeDynamicPushConstant push_constant;
 				zeromem(&push_constant, sizeof(GIProbeDynamicPushConstant));
@@ -6001,11 +6006,11 @@ RendererSceneRenderRD::RenderBufferData *RendererSceneRenderRD::render_buffers_g
 	return rb->data;
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderRD::_setup_reflections(RID *p_reflection_probe_cull_result, int p_reflection_probe_cull_count, const Transform &p_camera_inverse_transform, RID p_environment) {
-	for (int i = 0; i < p_reflection_probe_cull_count; i++) {
-		RID rpi = p_reflection_probe_cull_result[i];
+void RendererSceneRenderRD::_setup_reflections(const PagedArray<RID> &p_reflections, const Transform &p_camera_inverse_transform, RID p_environment) {
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < (uint32_t)p_reflections.size(); i++) {
+		RID rpi = p_reflections[i];
 
-		if (i >= (int)cluster.max_reflections) {
+		if (i >= cluster.max_reflections) {
 			reflection_probe_instance_set_render_index(rpi, 0); //invalid, but something needs to be set
 			continue;
 		}
@@ -6056,19 +6061,19 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::_setup_reflections(RID *p_reflection_probe_cull_resu
 		reflection_probe_instance_set_render_pass(rpi, RSG::rasterizer->get_frame_number());
 	}
 
-	if (p_reflection_probe_cull_count) {
-		RD::get_singleton()->buffer_update(cluster.reflection_buffer, 0, MIN(cluster.max_reflections, (unsigned int)p_reflection_probe_cull_count) * sizeof(ReflectionData), cluster.reflections, true);
+	if (p_reflections.size()) {
+		RD::get_singleton()->buffer_update(cluster.reflection_buffer, 0, MIN(cluster.max_reflections, (unsigned int)p_reflections.size()) * sizeof(ReflectionData), cluster.reflections, true);
 	}
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderRD::_setup_lights(RID *p_light_cull_result, int p_light_cull_count, const Transform &p_camera_inverse_transform, RID p_shadow_atlas, bool p_using_shadows, uint32_t &r_directional_light_count, uint32_t &r_positional_light_count) {
+void RendererSceneRenderRD::_setup_lights(const PagedArray<RID> &p_lights, const Transform &p_camera_inverse_transform, RID p_shadow_atlas, bool p_using_shadows, uint32_t &r_directional_light_count, uint32_t &r_positional_light_count) {
 	uint32_t light_count = 0;
 	r_directional_light_count = 0;
 	r_positional_light_count = 0;
 	sky_scene_state.ubo.directional_light_count = 0;
 
-	for (int i = 0; i < p_light_cull_count; i++) {
-		RID li = p_light_cull_result[i];
+	for (int i = 0; i < (int)p_lights.size(); i++) {
+		RID li = p_lights[i];
 		RID base = light_instance_get_base_light(li);
 
 		ERR_CONTINUE(base.is_null());
@@ -6421,15 +6426,15 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::_setup_lights(RID *p_light_cull_result, int p_light_
 	}
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderRD::_setup_decals(const RID *p_decal_instances, int p_decal_count, const Transform &p_camera_inverse_xform) {
+void RendererSceneRenderRD::_setup_decals(const PagedArray<RID> &p_decals, const Transform &p_camera_inverse_xform) {
 	Transform uv_xform;
 	uv_xform.basis.scale(Vector3(2.0, 1.0, 2.0));
 	uv_xform.origin = Vector3(-1.0, 0.0, -1.0);
 
-	p_decal_count = MIN((uint32_t)p_decal_count, cluster.max_decals);
+	uint32_t decal_count = MIN((uint32_t)p_decals.size(), cluster.max_decals);
 	int idx = 0;
-	for (int i = 0; i < p_decal_count; i++) {
-		RID di = p_decal_instances[i];
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < decal_count; i++) {
+		RID di = p_decals[i];
 		RID decal = decal_instance_get_base(di);
 
 		Transform xform = decal_instance_get_transform(di);
@@ -7097,7 +7102,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::_update_volumetric_fog(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_e
 	RD::get_singleton()->compute_list_end();
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_scene(RID p_render_buffers, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, RID *p_light_cull_result, int p_light_cull_count, RID *p_reflection_probe_cull_result, int p_reflection_probe_cull_count, RID *p_gi_probe_cull_result, int p_gi_probe_cull_count, RID *p_decal_cull_result, int p_decal_cull_count, InstanceBase **p_lightmap_cull_result, int p_lightmap_cull_count, RID p_environment, RID p_camera_effects, RID p_shadow_atlas, RID p_reflection_atlas, RID p_reflection_probe, int p_reflection_probe_pass, float p_screen_lod_threshold) {
+void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_scene(RID p_render_buffers, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, const PagedArray<RID> &p_lights, const PagedArray<RID> &p_reflection_probes, const PagedArray<RID> &p_gi_probes, const PagedArray<RID> &p_decals, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_lightmaps, RID p_environment, RID p_camera_effects, RID p_shadow_atlas, RID p_reflection_atlas, RID p_reflection_probe, int p_reflection_probe_pass, float p_screen_lod_threshold) {
 	Color clear_color;
 	if (p_render_buffers.is_valid()) {
 		RenderBuffers *rb = render_buffers_owner.getornull(p_render_buffers);
@@ -7108,17 +7113,23 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_scene(RID p_render_buffers, const Transform &
 	}
 
 	//assign render indices to giprobes
-	for (int i = 0; i < p_gi_probe_cull_count; i++) {
-		GIProbeInstance *giprobe_inst = gi_probe_instance_owner.getornull(p_gi_probe_cull_result[i]);
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < (uint32_t)p_gi_probes.size(); i++) {
+		GIProbeInstance *giprobe_inst = gi_probe_instance_owner.getornull(p_gi_probes[i]);
 		if (giprobe_inst) {
 			giprobe_inst->render_index = i;
 		}
 	}
 
+	const PagedArray<RID> *lights = &p_lights;
+	const PagedArray<RID> *reflections = &p_reflection_probes;
+	const PagedArray<RID> *gi_probes = &p_gi_probes;
+
+	PagedArray<RID> empty;
+
 	if (get_debug_draw_mode() == RS::VIEWPORT_DEBUG_DRAW_UNSHADED) {
-		p_light_cull_count = 0;
-		p_reflection_probe_cull_count = 0;
-		p_gi_probe_cull_count = 0;
+		lights = &empty;
+		reflections = &empty;
+		gi_probes = &empty;
 	}
 
 	cluster.builder.begin(p_cam_transform.affine_inverse(), p_cam_projection); //prepare cluster
@@ -7131,17 +7142,17 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_scene(RID p_render_buffers, const Transform &
 		}
 	} else {
 		//do not render reflections when rendering a reflection probe
-		_setup_reflections(p_reflection_probe_cull_result, p_reflection_probe_cull_count, p_cam_transform.affine_inverse(), p_environment);
+		_setup_reflections(*reflections, p_cam_transform.affine_inverse(), p_environment);
 	}
 
 	uint32_t directional_light_count = 0;
 	uint32_t positional_light_count = 0;
-	_setup_lights(p_light_cull_result, p_light_cull_count, p_cam_transform.affine_inverse(), p_shadow_atlas, using_shadows, directional_light_count, positional_light_count);
-	_setup_decals(p_decal_cull_result, p_decal_cull_count, p_cam_transform.affine_inverse());
+	_setup_lights(*lights, p_cam_transform.affine_inverse(), p_shadow_atlas, using_shadows, directional_light_count, positional_light_count);
+	_setup_decals(p_decals, p_cam_transform.affine_inverse());
 	cluster.builder.bake_cluster(); //bake to cluster
 
 	uint32_t gi_probe_count = 0;
-	_setup_giprobes(p_render_buffers, p_cam_transform, p_gi_probe_cull_result, p_gi_probe_cull_count, gi_probe_count);
+	_setup_giprobes(p_render_buffers, p_cam_transform, *gi_probes, gi_probe_count);
 
 	if (p_render_buffers.is_valid()) {
 		bool directional_shadows = false;
@@ -7154,7 +7165,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_scene(RID p_render_buffers, const Transform &
 		_update_volumetric_fog(p_render_buffers, p_environment, p_cam_projection, p_cam_transform, p_shadow_atlas, directional_light_count, directional_shadows, positional_light_count, gi_probe_count);
 	}
 
-	_render_scene(p_render_buffers, p_cam_transform, p_cam_projection, p_cam_ortogonal, p_cull_result, p_cull_count, directional_light_count, p_gi_probe_cull_result, p_gi_probe_cull_count, p_lightmap_cull_result, p_lightmap_cull_count, p_environment, p_camera_effects, p_shadow_atlas, p_reflection_atlas, p_reflection_probe, p_reflection_probe_pass, clear_color, p_screen_lod_threshold);
+	_render_scene(p_render_buffers, p_cam_transform, p_cam_projection, p_cam_ortogonal, p_instances, directional_light_count, *gi_probes, p_lightmaps, p_environment, p_camera_effects, p_shadow_atlas, p_reflection_atlas, p_reflection_probe, p_reflection_probe_pass, clear_color, p_screen_lod_threshold);
 
 	if (p_render_buffers.is_valid()) {
 		RENDER_TIMESTAMP("Tonemap");
@@ -7167,7 +7178,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_scene(RID p_render_buffers, const Transform &
 	}
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_shadow(RID p_light, RID p_shadow_atlas, int p_pass, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, const Plane &p_camera_plane, float p_lod_distance_multiplier, float p_screen_lod_threshold) {
+void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_shadow(RID p_light, RID p_shadow_atlas, int p_pass, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, const Plane &p_camera_plane, float p_lod_distance_multiplier, float p_screen_lod_threshold) {
 	LightInstance *light_instance = light_instance_owner.getornull(p_light);
 	ERR_FAIL_COND(!light_instance);
 
@@ -7318,7 +7329,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_shadow(RID p_light, RID p_shadow_atlas, int p
 
 	if (render_cubemap) {
 		//rendering to cubemap
-		_render_shadow(render_fb, p_cull_result, p_cull_count, light_projection, light_transform, zfar, 0, 0, false, false, use_pancake, p_camera_plane, p_lod_distance_multiplier, p_screen_lod_threshold);
+		_render_shadow(render_fb, p_instances, light_projection, light_transform, zfar, 0, 0, false, false, use_pancake, p_camera_plane, p_lod_distance_multiplier, p_screen_lod_threshold);
 		if (finalize_cubemap) {
 			//reblit
 			atlas_rect.size.height /= 2;
@@ -7329,7 +7340,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_shadow(RID p_light, RID p_shadow_atlas, int p
 	} else {
 		//render shadow
 
-		_render_shadow(render_fb, p_cull_result, p_cull_count, light_projection, light_transform, zfar, bias, normal_bias, using_dual_paraboloid, using_dual_paraboloid_flip, use_pancake, p_camera_plane, p_lod_distance_multiplier, p_screen_lod_threshold);
+		_render_shadow(render_fb, p_instances, light_projection, light_transform, zfar, bias, normal_bias, using_dual_paraboloid, using_dual_paraboloid_flip, use_pancake, p_camera_plane, p_lod_distance_multiplier, p_screen_lod_threshold);
 
 		//copy to atlas
 		if (use_linear_depth) {
@@ -7343,11 +7354,11 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_shadow(RID p_light, RID p_shadow_atlas, int p
 	}
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_material(const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region) {
-	_render_material(p_cam_transform, p_cam_projection, p_cam_ortogonal, p_cull_result, p_cull_count, p_framebuffer, p_region);
+void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_material(const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region) {
+	_render_material(p_cam_transform, p_cam_projection, p_cam_ortogonal, p_instances, p_framebuffer, p_region);
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_sdfgi(RID p_render_buffers, int p_region, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count) {
+void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_sdfgi(RID p_render_buffers, int p_region, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances) {
 	//print_line("rendering region " + itos(p_region));
 	RenderBuffers *rb = render_buffers_owner.getornull(p_render_buffers);
 	ERR_FAIL_COND(!rb);
@@ -7370,7 +7381,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_sdfgi(RID p_render_buffers, int p_region, Ins
 	}
 
 	//print_line("rendering cascade " + itos(p_region) + " objects: " + itos(p_cull_count) + " bounds: " + bounds + " from: " + from + " size: " + size + " cell size: " + rtos(rb->sdfgi->cascades[cascade].cell_size));
-	_render_sdfgi(p_render_buffers, from, size, bounds, p_cull_result, p_cull_count, rb->sdfgi->render_albedo, rb->sdfgi->render_emission, rb->sdfgi->render_emission_aniso, rb->sdfgi->render_geom_facing);
+	_render_sdfgi(p_render_buffers, from, size, bounds, p_instances, rb->sdfgi->render_albedo, rb->sdfgi->render_emission, rb->sdfgi->render_emission_aniso, rb->sdfgi->render_geom_facing);
 
 	if (cascade_next != cascade) {
 		RENDER_TIMESTAMP(">SDFGI Update SDF");
@@ -7684,7 +7695,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_sdfgi(RID p_render_buffers, int p_region, Ins
 	}
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_particle_collider_heightfield(RID p_collider, const Transform &p_transform, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count) {
+void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_particle_collider_heightfield(RID p_collider, const Transform &p_transform, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances) {
 	ERR_FAIL_COND(!storage->particles_collision_is_heightfield(p_collider));
 	Vector3 extents = storage->particles_collision_get_extents(p_collider) * p_transform.basis.get_scale();
 	CameraMatrix cm;
@@ -7698,16 +7709,14 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_particle_collider_heightfield(RID p_collider,
 
 	RID fb = storage->particles_collision_get_heightfield_framebuffer(p_collider);
 
-	_render_particle_collider_heightfield(fb, cam_xform, cm, p_cull_result, p_cull_count);
+	_render_particle_collider_heightfield(fb, cam_xform, cm, p_instances);
 }
 
-void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_sdfgi_static_lights(RID p_render_buffers, uint32_t p_cascade_count, const uint32_t *p_cascade_indices, const RID **p_positional_light_cull_result, const uint32_t *p_positional_light_cull_count) {
+void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_sdfgi_static_lights(RID p_render_buffers, uint32_t p_cascade_count, const uint32_t *p_cascade_indices, const PagedArray<RID> *p_positional_light_cull_result) {
 	RenderBuffers *rb = render_buffers_owner.getornull(p_render_buffers);
 	ERR_FAIL_COND(!rb);
 	ERR_FAIL_COND(!rb->sdfgi);
 
-	ERR_FAIL_COND(p_positional_light_cull_count == 0);
-
 	_sdfgi_update_cascades(p_render_buffers); //need cascades updated for this
 
 	RD::ComputeListID compute_list = RD::get_singleton()->compute_list_begin();
@@ -7743,7 +7752,7 @@ void RendererSceneRenderRD::render_sdfgi_static_lights(RID p_render_buffers, uin
 
 			int idx = 0;
 
-			for (uint32_t j = 0; j < p_positional_light_cull_count[i]; j++) {
+			for (uint32_t j = 0; j < (uint32_t)p_positional_light_cull_result[i].size(); j++) {
 				if (idx == SDFGI::MAX_STATIC_LIGHTS) {
 					break;
 				}
@@ -7982,8 +7991,11 @@ TypedArray<Image> RendererSceneRenderRD::bake_render_uv2(RID p_base, const Vecto
 		}
 	}
 
-	InstanceBase *cull = &ins;
-	_render_uv2(&cull, 1, fb, Rect2i(0, 0, p_image_size.width, p_image_size.height));
+	if (cull_argument.size() == 0) {
+		cull_argument.push_back(nullptr);
+	}
+	cull_argument[0] = &ins;
+	_render_uv2(cull_argument, fb, Rect2i(0, 0, p_image_size.width, p_image_size.height));
 
 	TypedArray<Image> ret;
 
@@ -8534,6 +8546,8 @@ RendererSceneRenderRD::RendererSceneRenderRD(RendererStorageRD *p_storage) {
 	environment_set_volumetric_fog_filter_active(GLOBAL_GET("rendering/volumetric_fog/use_filter"));
 	environment_set_volumetric_fog_directional_shadow_shrink_size(GLOBAL_GET("rendering/volumetric_fog/directional_shadow_shrink"));
 	environment_set_volumetric_fog_positional_shadow_shrink_size(GLOBAL_GET("rendering/volumetric_fog/positional_shadow_shrink"));
+
+	cull_argument.set_page_pool(&cull_argument_pool);
 }
 
 RendererSceneRenderRD::~RendererSceneRenderRD() {
@@ -8598,4 +8612,5 @@ RendererSceneRenderRD::~RendererSceneRenderRD() {
 	RD::get_singleton()->free(shadow_sampler);
 
 	directional_shadow_atlas_set_size(0);
+	cull_argument.reset(); //avoid exit error
 }
diff --git a/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_rd.h b/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_rd.h
index 1b0ae61042..ded6d99e47 100644
--- a/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_rd.h
+++ b/servers/rendering/renderer_rd/renderer_scene_render_rd.h
@@ -104,17 +104,17 @@ protected:
 	};
 	virtual RenderBufferData *_create_render_buffer_data() = 0;
 
-	void _setup_lights(RID *p_light_cull_result, int p_light_cull_count, const Transform &p_camera_inverse_transform, RID p_shadow_atlas, bool p_using_shadows, uint32_t &r_directional_light_count, uint32_t &r_positional_light_count);
-	void _setup_decals(const RID *p_decal_instances, int p_decal_count, const Transform &p_camera_inverse_xform);
-	void _setup_reflections(RID *p_reflection_probe_cull_result, int p_reflection_probe_cull_count, const Transform &p_camera_inverse_transform, RID p_environment);
-	void _setup_giprobes(RID p_render_buffers, const Transform &p_transform, RID *p_gi_probe_cull_result, int p_gi_probe_cull_count, uint32_t &r_gi_probes_used);
-
-	virtual void _render_scene(RID p_render_buffer, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, int p_directional_light_count, RID *p_gi_probe_cull_result, int p_gi_probe_cull_count, InstanceBase **p_lightmap_cull_result, int p_lightmap_cull_count, RID p_environment, RID p_camera_effects, RID p_shadow_atlas, RID p_reflection_atlas, RID p_reflection_probe, int p_reflection_probe_pass, const Color &p_default_color, float p_screen_lod_threshold) = 0;
-	virtual void _render_shadow(RID p_framebuffer, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, const CameraMatrix &p_projection, const Transform &p_transform, float p_zfar, float p_bias, float p_normal_bias, bool p_use_dp, bool use_dp_flip, bool p_use_pancake, const Plane &p_camera_plane = Plane(), float p_lod_distance_multiplier = 0.0, float p_screen_lod_threshold = 0.0) = 0;
-	virtual void _render_material(const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region) = 0;
-	virtual void _render_uv2(InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region) = 0;
-	virtual void _render_sdfgi(RID p_render_buffers, const Vector3i &p_from, const Vector3i &p_size, const AABB &p_bounds, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, const RID &p_albedo_texture, const RID &p_emission_texture, const RID &p_emission_aniso_texture, const RID &p_geom_facing_texture) = 0;
-	virtual void _render_particle_collider_heightfield(RID p_fb, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count) = 0;
+	void _setup_lights(const PagedArray<RID> &p_lights, const Transform &p_camera_inverse_transform, RID p_shadow_atlas, bool p_using_shadows, uint32_t &r_directional_light_count, uint32_t &r_positional_light_count);
+	void _setup_decals(const PagedArray<RID> &p_decals, const Transform &p_camera_inverse_xform);
+	void _setup_reflections(const PagedArray<RID> &p_reflections, const Transform &p_camera_inverse_transform, RID p_environment);
+	void _setup_giprobes(RID p_render_buffers, const Transform &p_transform, const PagedArray<RID> &p_gi_probes, uint32_t &r_gi_probes_used);
+
+	virtual void _render_scene(RID p_render_buffer, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, int p_directional_light_count, const PagedArray<RID> &p_gi_probes, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_lightmaps, RID p_environment, RID p_camera_effects, RID p_shadow_atlas, RID p_reflection_atlas, RID p_reflection_probe, int p_reflection_probe_pass, const Color &p_default_color, float p_screen_lod_threshold) = 0;
+	virtual void _render_shadow(RID p_framebuffer, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, const CameraMatrix &p_projection, const Transform &p_transform, float p_zfar, float p_bias, float p_normal_bias, bool p_use_dp, bool use_dp_flip, bool p_use_pancake, const Plane &p_camera_plane = Plane(), float p_lod_distance_multiplier = 0.0, float p_screen_lod_threshold = 0.0) = 0;
+	virtual void _render_material(const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region) = 0;
+	virtual void _render_uv2(const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region) = 0;
+	virtual void _render_sdfgi(RID p_render_buffers, const Vector3i &p_from, const Vector3i &p_size, const AABB &p_bounds, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, const RID &p_albedo_texture, const RID &p_emission_texture, const RID &p_emission_aniso_texture, const RID &p_geom_facing_texture) = 0;
+	virtual void _render_particle_collider_heightfield(RID p_fb, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances) = 0;
 
 	virtual void _debug_giprobe(RID p_gi_probe, RenderingDevice::DrawListID p_draw_list, RID p_framebuffer, const CameraMatrix &p_camera_with_transform, bool p_lighting, bool p_emission, float p_alpha);
 	void _debug_sdfgi_probes(RID p_render_buffers, RD::DrawListID p_draw_list, RID p_framebuffer, const CameraMatrix &p_camera_with_transform);
@@ -134,8 +134,11 @@ protected:
 	void _setup_sky(RID p_environment, RID p_render_buffers, const CameraMatrix &p_projection, const Transform &p_transform, const Size2i p_screen_size);
 	void _update_sky(RID p_environment, const CameraMatrix &p_projection, const Transform &p_transform);
 	void _draw_sky(bool p_can_continue_color, bool p_can_continue_depth, RID p_fb, RID p_environment, const CameraMatrix &p_projection, const Transform &p_transform);
-	void _process_gi(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_normal_roughness_buffer, RID p_ambient_buffer, RID p_reflection_buffer, RID p_gi_probe_buffer, RID p_environment, const CameraMatrix &p_projection, const Transform &p_transform, RID *p_gi_probe_cull_result, int p_gi_probe_cull_count);
+	void _process_gi(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_normal_roughness_buffer, RID p_ambient_buffer, RID p_reflection_buffer, RID p_gi_probe_buffer, RID p_environment, const CameraMatrix &p_projection, const Transform &p_transform, const PagedArray<RID> &p_gi_probes);
 
+	// needed for a single argument calls (material and uv2)
+	PagedArrayPool<InstanceBase *> cull_argument_pool;
+	PagedArray<InstanceBase *> cull_argument; //need this to exist
 private:
 	RS::ViewportDebugDraw debug_draw = RS::VIEWPORT_DEBUG_DRAW_DISABLED;
 	double time_step = 0;
@@ -1513,7 +1516,7 @@ public:
 	virtual int sdfgi_get_pending_region_count(RID p_render_buffers) const;
 	virtual AABB sdfgi_get_pending_region_bounds(RID p_render_buffers, int p_region) const;
 	virtual uint32_t sdfgi_get_pending_region_cascade(RID p_render_buffers, int p_region) const;
-	virtual void sdfgi_update_probes(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_environment, const RID *p_directional_light_instances, uint32_t p_directional_light_count, const RID *p_positional_light_instances, uint32_t p_positional_light_count);
+	virtual void sdfgi_update_probes(RID p_render_buffers, RID p_environment, const PagedArray<RID> &p_directional_light_instances, const RID *p_positional_light_instances, uint32_t p_positional_light_count);
 	RID sdfgi_get_ubo() const { return gi.sdfgi_ubo; }
 	/* SKY API */
 
@@ -1822,7 +1825,7 @@ public:
 	RID gi_probe_instance_create(RID p_base);
 	void gi_probe_instance_set_transform_to_data(RID p_probe, const Transform &p_xform);
 	bool gi_probe_needs_update(RID p_probe) const;
-	void gi_probe_update(RID p_probe, bool p_update_light_instances, const Vector<RID> &p_light_instances, int p_dynamic_object_count, InstanceBase **p_dynamic_objects);
+	void gi_probe_update(RID p_probe, bool p_update_light_instances, const Vector<RID> &p_light_instances, const PagedArray<RendererSceneRender::InstanceBase *> &p_dynamic_objects);
 
 	void gi_probe_set_quality(RS::GIProbeQuality p_quality) { gi_probe_quality = p_quality; }
 
@@ -1897,16 +1900,16 @@ public:
 	float render_buffers_get_volumetric_fog_end(RID p_render_buffers);
 	float render_buffers_get_volumetric_fog_detail_spread(RID p_render_buffers);
 
-	void render_scene(RID p_render_buffers, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, RID *p_light_cull_result, int p_light_cull_count, RID *p_reflection_probe_cull_result, int p_reflection_probe_cull_count, RID *p_gi_probe_cull_result, int p_gi_probe_cull_count, RID *p_decal_cull_result, int p_decal_cull_count, InstanceBase **p_lightmap_cull_result, int p_lightmap_cull_count, RID p_environment, RID p_shadow_atlas, RID p_camera_effects, RID p_reflection_atlas, RID p_reflection_probe, int p_reflection_probe_pass, float p_screen_lod_threshold);
+	void render_scene(RID p_render_buffers, const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, const PagedArray<RID> &p_lights, const PagedArray<RID> &p_reflection_probes, const PagedArray<RID> &p_gi_probes, const PagedArray<RID> &p_decals, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_lightmaps, RID p_environment, RID p_camera_effects, RID p_shadow_atlas, RID p_reflection_atlas, RID p_reflection_probe, int p_reflection_probe_pass, float p_screen_lod_threshold);
 
-	void render_shadow(RID p_light, RID p_shadow_atlas, int p_pass, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, const Plane &p_camera_plane = Plane(), float p_lod_distance_multiplier = 0, float p_screen_lod_threshold = 0.0);
+	void render_shadow(RID p_light, RID p_shadow_atlas, int p_pass, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, const Plane &p_camera_plane = Plane(), float p_lod_distance_multiplier = 0, float p_screen_lod_threshold = 0.0);
 
-	void render_material(const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region);
+	void render_material(const Transform &p_cam_transform, const CameraMatrix &p_cam_projection, bool p_cam_ortogonal, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances, RID p_framebuffer, const Rect2i &p_region);
 
-	void render_sdfgi(RID p_render_buffers, int p_region, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count);
-	void render_sdfgi_static_lights(RID p_render_buffers, uint32_t p_cascade_count, const uint32_t *p_cascade_indices, const RID **p_positional_light_cull_result, const uint32_t *p_positional_light_cull_count);
+	void render_sdfgi(RID p_render_buffers, int p_region, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances);
+	void render_sdfgi_static_lights(RID p_render_buffers, uint32_t p_cascade_count, const uint32_t *p_cascade_indices, const PagedArray<RID> *p_positional_light_cull_result);
 
-	void render_particle_collider_heightfield(RID p_collider, const Transform &p_transform, InstanceBase **p_cull_result, int p_cull_count);
+	void render_particle_collider_heightfield(RID p_collider, const Transform &p_transform, const PagedArray<InstanceBase *> &p_instances);
 
 	virtual void set_scene_pass(uint64_t p_pass) {
 		scene_pass = p_pass;